代做EC3346 Family Economics Graded Homework 1 Autumn 2024代做留学生SQL语言
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Graded Homework 1
Autumn 2024
The assignment has two questions, each worth 50 marks in total. Complete both questions.
Question 1
Consider a couple, Anna and Benny, i = A, B respectively. Each has private preferences over own consumption, ci , and a household public good G which are given by:
ui = log ci + log G for i = A, B.
The total level of the public good, G, is simply the sum of their individual ''contributions'', that is, G = gA +gB , where gA and gB are Anna'sand Benny's contributions, respectively.
Anna has a budget of RA = R, where R > 0 is a positive number. Benny has a budget that is RB = βR where 0 < β ≤ 1. In other words, Benny has a budget that is no larger than Annaís.
Consumption and the public good both have price equal to one. Hence each face an individual budget constraint of:
ci + gi ≤ R for i = A; B.
However, Anna and Benny also like each other. The altruistic feelings that they have for each other imply that the total utility of each partner is a weighted average of the own private utility and the private utility of the partner. Hence, Anna's total utility is:
UA = PuA + (1 - P)uB,
while, similarly, Benny's total utility is:
UB = PuB + (1 - P)uA.
The parameter P indicates the strength of the altruistic preferences and is contained somewhere in the interval 1=2 ≤ P ≤ 1: [Note that the lower limit, P = 1=2, would imply each care as much for the other as for themselves. In contrast, the upper limit, P = 1, corresponds to ìegoisticî preferences.]
Despite the altruistic feelings for each other, they act non-cooperatively and their choices of contributions to the public good are determined as a Nash equilibrium. Eventhough they have the same preferences, as they have different budgets, they will generally make different contributions to the public good in the Nash equilibrium.
We would like to solve for the Nash equilibrium public good contributions with general altruistic preferences, i.e. we want to find what contribution each partner makes, gA(*) for Anna and gB(*) for Benny, in the Nash equilibrium. To do this it is helpful to write each partnerís total utility function in such a form. that gi is the only choice variable. This can be done by substituting for ci and for G.
a) Make the above substitution and write down the total utility UA for Anna as a function of her choice gA and the contribution chosen by Benny, gB , along with their budgets RA and RB . [5 marks]
b) What is the first order condition for Anna's choice of gA? Solve this equation for gA as a function of gB and RA . This gives you Annaís reaction function. Then repeat the steps to also solve for Bennyís reaction function, that is, his choice of gB as a function of gA and RB . [5 marks]
c) Show that if Benny's budget is sufficiently small relative to Annaís bud- get, then in the Nash equilibrium, he does not contribute to the public good. Specifically, show that if β ≤ P= (1 + P), the Nash equilibrium takes the form. gA(*) = R= (1 + P) and gB(*) = 0. [10 marks]
d) Suppose now that Bennyís budget is brought up to the same level as Annaís (β = 1). In other words, from now on suppose that RA = RB = R. Since Anna and Benny now have symmetric preferences and identical budgets, the new Nash equilibrium will be symmetric with both partners contributing some identical positive amount g* to the public good. Solve for the symmetric Nash equilibrium public good contribution g* as a function of the altruism parameter P and R. How does the symmetric equilibrium contributions, g* , to the public good depend on P? Is it increasing or decreasing in P? How would you interpret this? [10 marks]
e) We want to argue that the Nash equilibrium is Pareto e¢ cient if and only if the partners are completely altruistic in the sense that P = 1=2. To do this we need to remember that when considering the set of Pareto efficient allocations, we can consider allocations that maximize a weighted average of the private preferences (since any allocation that is Pareto efficient under the altruistic preferences will also be Pareto efficient under the private preferences). Any Pareto e¢ cient allocation is therefore the solution to maximizing the following objective function
W = μ[log(R - gA ) + log(gA + gB )] + (1 - μ)[log(R - gB ) + log(gA + gB )]
for some value of μ .
What are the first order conditions the Pareto e¢ cient levels of for gA and gB? What value does the weight μ have to take for the Pareto efficient allocation to be symmetric? [10 marks]
f) Lastly, to complete our proof, show that the Nash equilibrium contributions g* equal the symmetric Pareto efficient contributions when P = 1=2 . What is the intuition for this result? (Hint: Think about the externality that occurs when P > 1=2). [10 marks]
Question 2
Consider a couple with partners a (him) and b (her). Each partner s = a, b has one unit of time to allocate to either household production or market work. Let ts be the time that partner s devotes to household production, and hence 1 - ts is the time they devote to market work. When working in the market, partner s earns an hourly wage rate ws. Earnings from working in the market is used to buy input goods (which has unit price) used in the household production, which when combined with the household production time generates a consumption good z.
Suppose first that partner s is single. Their production function is assumed to take the form
z = f (ts, xs ) = √ts × xs
a) Does the production function f (ts, xs ) exhibit increasing, decreasing, or constant returns to scale? [10 marks]
b) When s is single, their inputs goods is equal to their own earnings, xs = (1 - ts ) ws. Hence, when single, s chooses their time allocation ts to maximize
z = √ts × (1 - ts ) ws.
Show that when s is single, they choose ts = 1=3 irrespective of what their wage ws is. [10 marks]
c) Suppose now that a and b form. a household and that wa > wb. Their total production of z now takes the form
z = (√ta + √tb ) ((1 - ta ) wa + (1 - tb ) wb)
where the produced z can then be shared between them. Hence they coordinate on their time allocations and choose ta and tb so as to maximize z. Show that with the specific two wages, wa = 4 and wb = 1, the couple's optimal time allocation involves ta = 1=9 and tb = 1. [20 marks]
d) Discuss how this time allocation, ta = 1=9 and tb = 1, entails specialization relative to the time allocations that they would have as singles. And explain why it will not be the case that ts = 0 for either partner when the production function takes the given form, that is, neither partner will specialize fully in market work. [10 marks]