代做EAR 105 Earth Science Test 3代写留学生Matlab程序

EAR 105 Study Guide Test 3

n Read the book, use the guide below to focus your reading along with lecture slides and your notes

n Know how to read and use various charts/tables/figures – as demonstrated in lectures (you don’t need to memorize the charts)

n Read over your geotours exercises/study guide

n Look over your homework

EAR 105 Earth Science: Material covered/study guide

Test 3 will cover chapters 8, 9, 10, and Interludes D (all of these are listed below).

~50 questions.

Chapter 8: Metamorphism

•   Metamorphism and methamorphic facies (Box 8.1, lecture slides)

•   Metamorphic processes (Figure 8.3)

•   Relationship between pressure, depth and metamorphism (know how to read Figure 8.4, 8.14, 8.15)

•   Grades of metamorphism

•   Where does metamorphism occur, discussed in class (Sec. 8.5)

•   Classifying metamorphic rocks, foliated vs non-foliated

•   Common metamorphic rocks

•   Meaning of a protolith and common protoliths discussed in class

Skip: Box 8.2, 8.3

Chapter 9: Volcanoes

•   Products of volcanism:

o pyroclastic flows (nuee ardent)

o lava bombs, lapilli

o lava flows types: pillow basalts, aa, pahoehoe

o gasses and lahars

•   Melting and magmatism,

o composition of magmas

    felsic vs mafic

    viscosity

    temperatures

o Geotherm, Solidus (Melting Curve), Liquidus

•   Volcano Architecture (Anatomy)

o Types of volcanoes, slopes, lava types, size, etc..

•   Caldera vs crater

o Caldera formation

•   VEI, eruption types

o Table 9.1: effusive/Hawaiian, Strombolian, Plinian

•   Explosive eruptions to remember Box 9.1

o Mt St Helens (1980), Krakatau (1883), Pompeii (79AD)

•   Different types of Volcanoes and their Geological Settings

o subduction zones, hot spots, ridges/rifts

o shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, cinder cones

o Ring of fire

•   Intra-plate volcanism

o hotspots, large igneous provinces

•   Super volcanoes e.g. Yellowstone

•   Volcanic Hazards

•    Volcanoes in our solar system

o  (lunar Mare – on the moon), Olympus Mons on mars (largest in solar system, 3x higher than Everest), Sulphur volcanoes on Io (moon of Jupiter).

Chapter 10 Earthquakes

•    What is an earthquake?

•    What is a seismometer?

•    What is a seismogram?

•    Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from.

o Seismic waves radiate from the focus of the EQ (what is the difference between a focus and the epicenter)

o What is an asperity?

•    Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves

o Body Waves (P & S) and Surface waves (Lateral or Love Waves, and Vertical or Rayleigh waves).

o What are the differences between these?

o What is a P-wave and a S-wave: how do they propagate through the Earth?

•    Arrange seismic waves in order of arrival (i.e. speed of wave travel and amplitude)

•    What controls the speed of waves through the Earth (material properties: compressibility and rigidity)

•    Show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred.

o Using the P&S-wave travel time plots to determine the locations (epicenter) of earthquakes (from multiple seismometers). Understanding seismograms and what they record (arrival of waves P, S then surface waves)

o Understand how one obtains precise location of an earthquake (triangulation).

•    Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonic theory.

•    Explain the difference between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake and how these indicators of earthquake size can be determined.

•    Distinguish between tsunamis and storm waves, and explain how large tsunamis can cause so much damage.

•    Types of faults

o Normal fault (dip-slip) (tensional fault, results in extension): Footwall vs hanging wall, fault plane..

o Reverse fault (dip-slip) or thrust fault, results in compression.

o Strike-slip fault (a shearing motion, fault plane is vertical)

    A strike-slip fault, right-lateral (dextral fault) and left-lateral (sinistral)

•    Which type of waves are most destructive, what wave type is used for early warning systems?

•    Magnitude and Intensity of Earthquakes

o Richter scale (developed in 1935) but only accurate close to the EQ epicenter

o Moment magnitude scale (eg EQ of magnitude 7 is 10x more powerful than a

magnitude 6 and is 100x (10x10) more powerful than a magnitude 5. 1 magnitude unit = 32x energy).

o How does intensity compare to amplitude?

•    Earthquakes at Plate Boundaries and Plate Interiors

o  Convergent plate boundaries –

o  Define Wadati-Benioff zones

o  The greatest, most powerful EQs occur at subduction zones (megathrust EQs)

o  deep vs shallow earthquakes

o  Strike-slip faults (transform. boundaries, eg San Andreas fault)

o  Continental rifts (normal faults) – eg Basin and Range province, Rio- Grande rift, East Africa rift

o  Continent-continent collision zone (eg Himalayas)

o  Intraplate settings – eg New Madrid EQ (1811-12)

•     San Andreas movie – in which a M9.6 EQ splits California – however this is not possible

•    Earthquake Hazards:

•    aftershocks (for periods of weeks-years) often follow the main event, foreshocks often precede larger EQs but hard to know if any EQ is actually a foreshock

•    Earthquake safety

•    EQ damage – eg buildings sited of different bedrock (solid bedrock, sediment, water-

saturated sand and mud) – waves slow down and increase in amplitude in softer material

•     Sec. 10.6 only Sediment Liquefaction and Tsunamis

o  Liquefaction (what is this?)

o  How do tsunamis form? (megathrust EQs at subduction zones produce the big ones): 3 examples 2011 Japan 9.0 EQ and tsunami, 2010 Chile M8.8    EQ and tsunami, 1964 Alaska M9.2 EQ and tsunami, 2004 Sumatra M9

EQ and tsunami

o  Tsunamis waves vs storm waves

o  Characteristics of tsunami (retreat of water is often first sign, multiple waves)

•    Can we predict EQ’s – yes we can, but in probabilities, not in the short-term, develop risk-maps

Interlude D: Earth's Interior revisited

•     Structure of the Earth (crust, mantle core)

•     Seismic waves and their propagation

•    What effects seismic wave propagation (rock type, solid/liquid, type of wave),

•    Reflection (Snell’s law) and refraction (if move from faster to slower material the wave is refracted to a steeper angle, if move from slower to faster (normal in the Earth with increasing depth) the wave is refracted to a shallower angle.

•    Because of the core-mantle boundary there is a P-wave shadow zone (103-143°) and a  S- wave shadow zone (103 to 103°).  The S-wave shadow zone is larger because S-waves do not travel through liquid (ie the liquid outer core)

•     Seismic tomography: Seismic wave velocities in the earth – variable due to compositional changes (red = slower than expected (hotter or less dense), blue = faster than expected

(cooler or denser) – example of subducting Pacific plate under Japan