代写Problem Set 7代做留学生Matlab编程
- 首页 >> Algorithm 算法Problem Set 7 : Due October 28
October 21, 2024
Answers must be typed. Print out and bring to class on due date.
1. Petersburg Investment Advisors is a firm that offers its workers the choice between two payment options. Option 1 is simply a fixed wage of w.
Under Option 2, the worker receives a wage of A · kn with probability δ(1 — δ)n−1, for all n = 1, 2, . . .. Here, A > 0 and k > 1.
In this question, you can apply results derived in class without proving them (but you should state them clearly when you use them).
(a) Prove that δ(1 — δ)n−1, for all n = 1, 2, . . ., is in fact a probability mass function.
(b) Prove that all agents with an increasing utility function prefer a lower δ in Option 2.
(c) Lola has utility function is u(x) = ln(x). Show that Lola’s expected utility under Option 2 is ln(A) + ln(k)/δ .
(d) When A = 1000, k = 1.2 and δ = 0.35, Lola, whose utility function is u(x) = ln(x) is just indifferent between Option 1 and Option 2.
Walter has utility function v(x) = —1/x. For the same values of A and k, is the level of δ that makes Walter indifferent between Option 1 and Option 2 greater or smaller than 0.35?
2. This question pertains to the social value of information if decisions are made by voting. Suppose there are 3 individuals (voters) who have to decide on a “public project” that is either implemented or not (irreversible, i.e. if you implement the project you cannot get rid of it). The project can be implemented in the first period (in which case the voters will get a payoff in both the first and the second period), or in the second period (in which case they only get their second period payoff), or not at all (in which case they all get a payoff of 0 in both periods)
In the first period, all voters get 0 from the project. The second period payoffs are uncertain from date 1’s perspective, but, if voters have not yet implemented the project in period 1 so that they have to make a decision in period 2, they learn their payoffs at the start of period 2 before they make a decision to implement the project or not.
Specifically, there are 2 equally probable states of the world in the second period. In State A, 2 voters receive a payoff of 1, the 3rd one receives —5. In State B: 2 voters receive a payoff of —2, the 3rd one receives 10. Within each state, the identity of winners and losers is random. Note: when the voters find themselves in the second period, they know which state they are in – in the sense discussed in the footnote: each voter knows whether they are in A or B and also whether they are a winner or a loser.
(a) If a utilitarian planner who cares about the sum of individual payoffs was in charge of deciding on the project, how would the optimal policy look like? From an ex-ante perspective, what is the value of waiting for information for the utilitarian planner? That is, how much higher is the planner’s expected payoff from waiting than it would be if he had to decide in period 1?
(b) Suppose the committee decides by majority whether to implement the project. If they don’t im- plement in period 1, they reconvene in period 2. Describe what will happen. What is the value of waiting for information from an ex-ante perspective?
(c) Suppose now that we change the payoffs in the first period, if the project is implemented, to —3/4 for all voters. The second period is the same as above. Show that the voters are worse off having the option to wait than they would be if the committee could reject the project once and for all in period 1. Explain why the value of information can be negative with a committee, while it is always non-negative with a social planner.